Why can't I access jupyter notebook from browser even though no errors when running?

I cannot comment as to why your aliases don’t work because I haven’t ever used that in the mix.
As to how to access it when it is running on a remote machine, you should set a SSH tunnel so the port forwarding is active. See here for guidance on that.
If you get it working, perhaps deconstructing will inform you why just aliases wasn’t cutting it.