Debugging launching using the public Binder system is limited because you cannot get those logs. However, I believe your issue in this case is fairly straightforward and you don’t need to start pursuing local efforts to get things working.
The issue seems to be you are using a custom dockerfile that hasn’t been edited to be compatible with Binder. See here and follow the guides linked there if you absolutely want to continue using a Dockerfile.
I’d advise against that route though for two reasons: 1) Dockerfiles are only meant to be used in complex cases as they are harder make work and keep working with Binder; & 2) since you seem to want this repo to work with a number of different avenues it will be easier to distinguish the binder route. So I’d suggest you make a binder directory in the root of your repo and make a requirements.txt file, see here, where you list the pip installable packages you seem to be installing with your Dockerfile. (See here for information about that binder folder.) For the other steps in your Dockerfile, you would do them in a postBuild file, see here.